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Figure 2 Intraoperative findings peritoneal dissection showed an internal inguinal hernia with a hernia orifice lateral to it. From the lateral hernia orifice, one hernia sac extends toward the inguinal canal, and one extends between the transverse abdominis and internal oblique muscles. Mesh repair was perf

Figure 1 Preoperative clinical appearance. Frontal (A) and lateral (B) views demonstrating marked abdominal distension caused by the giant intra-abdominal lymphatic malformation. Frontal and lateral preoperative photographs of a 5-year-old boy showing marked generalized abdominal distension caused by a gi

Figure 3 Intraoperative identification of the central lymphatic component. Intraoperative view demonstrating the component of the lymphatic malformation associated with the cisterna chyli–thoracic duct region. Intraoperative photograph showing the deeper component of the abdominal lymphatic malformation a

Figure 2 Histopathological and immunohistochemical features of the tumour. (A) Invasive squamous cell carcinoma with abundant keratin pearls and marked cellular pleomorphism (haematoxylin and eosin [H&E] stain, ×100). (B) Prominent nuclear atypia of tumour cells (H&E, ×200). (C) Positive nuclear p53

Figure 2 Representative illustrations of the contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrating intestinal malrotation with the mesenteric whirl sign, dilated bowel loops, and mural and mesenteric edema. Axial and coronal contrast-enhanced CT images showing a whirled appearance of mesenteric ves

Figure 3 Contrast-enhanced axial CT demonstrating swirling of the mesenteric vessels around their axis (whirl sign), associated with distended, thick-walled small bowel loops and adjacent mesenteric fat stranding, findings compatible with mesenteric volvulus. Axial images from contrastenhanced abdominal C

Figure 4 Exploratory laparotomy showing bowel loops with diffuse ischemic changes prior to detorsion. Intraoperative photograph of the abdominal cavity showing dusky, dark-purple small bowel loops with diffuse ischemic discoloration before detorsion.

Figure 5 Second-look laparotomy at 24 h showing viable bowel with resolution of the initial ischemic changes. Intraoperative photograph at 24-h re-exploration showing pink, viable small bowel loops with normal color and no residual ischemic changes.

Figure 1 Presenting chest radiograph. Lucent, avascular pleural space is seen at both lung apices and along the lateral chest walls, indicating bilateral pneumothorax, with lucent streaks of soft-tissue (subcutaneous) emphysema over the upper chest wall and shoulders. Chest radiograph demonstrating bilate

Figure 9 Chest radiograph after removal of the left chest tube. Both lungs are fully expanded with no residual pneumothorax. The apparent difference in the left drain’s course on earlier films reflects supine-versus-erect projection rather than migration. Chest radiograph after removal of the left chest t

Figure 10 Outpatient follow-up chest radiograph. Both lungs are fully expanded with resolution of the pneumothoraces and clearing of the previously seen soft-tissue emphysema. Outpatient follow-up chest radiograph demonstrating full expansion of both lungs, resolution of bilateral pneumothoraces, and inter

Figure 3 Gross specimen and intraoperative wound of the popliteal fossa lesion. (A) En bloc resected specimen with a ruler for scale. (B) Intraoperative view after wide local excision, showing the exposed deep fascial wound bed. Two-panel figure showing an en bloc resected tumour specimen with a ruler for

Figure 4 Postoperative wound healing progression. (A) Wound appearance at 1 month postoperatively, showing re-epithelialization spreading outwards from the punch skin graft sites, with some areas remaining unhealed. (B) Wound appearance at 2 months postoperatively, with nearly complete healing except for a s

Figure 1 CT demonstrating prospective diagnosis of appendiceal diverticulitis. (A) Coronal CT image demonstrating inflammatory change involving the distal appendix (arrow). (B) Coronal CT image demonstrating a small inflamed appendiceal diverticulum with surrounding periappendiceal inflammatory change (arrow

Figure 2 Intraoperative identification of appendiceal diverticulitis. (A) Laparoscopic image demonstrating an inflamed appendiceal diverticulum arising from the distal appendix (arrow). (B) Close-up laparoscopic image demonstrating the inflamed appendiceal diverticulum (arrow). Laparoscopic images showing

Figure 4 Histopathological findings of appendiceal diverticulitis (hematoxylin and eosin staining). (A–B) Low-power H&E-stained sections demonstrate an appendiceal pseudodiverticulum (arrows). The wall of the pseudodiverticulum is formed by the submucosa, subserosa, and serosa, lacking the muscularis pro