Covering of an exposed vascular graft in the groin with an external oblique muscle rotational flap

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Vascular graft salvage is successfully manageable with a muscle flap, following wound debridement and targeted antimicrobial therapy, in 78–84% of groin infections [1–3]. In this context, four types of flaps have been described, including transposition of the sartorius muscle [4, 5], the gracilis muscle [5, 6], the rectus abdominis and rectus femoris muscle [5]. In complicated cases these flaps may, however, not be feasible because of previous use or a compromised vascular supply as their pedicle is distally from the groin. We report a case in which the external oblique muscle was used to salvage an infected vascular graft.

CASE REPORT

An 81-year-old woman, who had been given an aortobifemoral Dacron prosthesis in 2007 for occlusive aortoiliac disease, was seen at our clinic with a persisting medial malleolar wound in September 2014. The wound was the result of a fall 2 months earlier. Thrombosis of the left iliac part of the aorta-bifemoral graft explained the insufficient healing. An unsuccessful attempt to recanalize the graft percutaneously required a reconstruction with a femoro-femoral crossover bypass in October 2014. She recovered well from this procedure and was discharged home 9 days later.

She was readmitted after blood loss had occurred from her right groin, 6 weeks after the crossover operation. Because of the risk of exsanguination due to anastomotic rupture, an emergency exploration was performed and showed incorporation of the largest part of the graft with surrounding tissue. An infected hematoma in contact with the graft was found at the anterior side of her right quadriceps muscle. This low-grade infection must have been there since the first operation. The hematoma was removed and the wound was irrigated with povidone iodine. The sartorius muscle was proximally released and the proximal part of the graft was covered. Subcutaneous tissue was closed with a running absorbable suture (Polysorb 3-0, Covidien, Mansfield, USA) and the skin was left open (Fig. 1). Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) (KCI Medical, San Antonio, USA) therapy was started immediately postoperatively.

Figure 1:

Macroscopic appearance after draining the hematoma and muscle transposition of the sartorius muscle.

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Bacterial culture confirmed infection with aerobic- and anaerobic bacteria (Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter koseri and Bacteroides fragilis). In line with the sensitivity of these microorganisms, treatment was started with Piperacilline/Tazobactam. Duplex ultrasound examination 1 week later showed a patent bypass and computed tomography 10 days thereafter did not show any fluid surrounding the graft. White blood cell count remained normal, and C-reactive protein (CRP) dropped from 111 mg/l to 52 mg/l after 2 months. However, a recurrent hematoma developed distally from the wound in the right groin.

Subsequently, a re-exploration of the right groin was performed. The hematoma did not seem macroscopically infected; it was drained through the previous incision and through a new incision laterally, thus diverting the infection away from the graft. The wounds were left open.

Anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation was temporarily interrupted, but the wound did not heal well and CRP rose to 224 mg/l. A third exploration was performed 3 days later and again the remainder of a hematoma was removed. A part of the graft was not covered by the sartorius muscle. In a second attempt to cover the graft, the external oblique muscle was released medially from the linea alba and rotated laterally and caudally, into the groin (Fig. 2).

Figure 2:

Drawings before (a) and after (b) reconstruction with sartorius†- and oblique external‡ flap.

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VAC-therapy was continued after application in the operating theater. Granulating tissue showed better vascularization 3 days thereafter, and again CRP dropped to 42 mg/l (Fig. 3). Bacterial cultures showed the presence of enterococcus faecalis bacteria and antibiotics were changed to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, combined with ciprofloxacin and was continued for 6 weeks.

Figure 3:

Appearance of the wound after removal of negative pressure, 4 days after the oblique external flap.

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The patient was discharged home 6 days postoperatively and VAC-therapy was continued for 2 months, partially at home. The wound was closed and antibiotics were discontinued.

Fourteen months after wound closure the patient was well and walked small distances. She had a completely healed groin (Fig. 4) and the distal wound at the left lateral malleolus healed nicely.

Figure 4:

Approximately half a year post oblique flap; the wound is fully healed without a fistula.

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DISCUSSION

This report indicates that in complicated cases coverage of an infected vascular graft in the groin with the external oblique muscle flap can help preserve the graft and assist in wound closure. The external oblique muscle is a Type V muscle with both dominant and multiple segmental vascular pedicles [7]. The dominant pedicles are one or two branches of either the deep circumflex iliac artery (94.7%) or the iliolumbar artery (5.3%) [8]. The segmental vascular supply is derived from the 5th through 12th posterior intercostal arteries. The use of the external oblique muscle has predominantly been described for chest wall reconstruction [9].

Advantages that the external oblique muscle flap offers are its simple release and its lateral vascularization, facilitating rotation. Even though it is a very thin muscle, it seems to have the ability to grow in an infected environment to form a large bulky protection of the synthetic bypasses. Three days after muscle rotation, the wound of our patient had significantly improved. The vascularization of the external oblique muscle and the non-smoking status of the patient contributed to the favorable outcome [10].

Because of the extension of the external oblique muscle cranially, further mobilization is possible, thus enabling coverage of larger areas in the infected groin.

One other advantage may be derived from its cranial position and its blood supply; the viability of the flap does not depend on the vascularization through a (infected) bypass graft, as is the case in sartorius-, rectus femoris- and gracilis flaps. Also, its blood supply is not dependent on the epigastric artery, essential for rectus femoris flaps. This epigastric/mammary artery is often used in coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) in patients with peripheral artery disease.

To the best of our knowledge, external oblique muscle coverage of a vascular graft has not been described previously and is a feasible, effective, technically simple and safe procedure. It is an attractive option in complicated cases, in which previous muscle transpositions were unsuccessful. It can cover large vascular grafts in the groin, particular in patients with poor vascularization distally and in post-CABG patients. A larger series including functional long-term outcomes are required to confirm the above.

FUNDING

None of the authors has a financial interest in any of the products, devices or drugs mentioned in this manuscript.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Paulien van Twuyver for proof reading and correcting the grammar and spelling in this article.

REFERENCES