Cyclically bleeding trocar-site endometrioma without known history of endometriosis: case report and literature review

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Endometriosis occurs when endometrial glands and stroma are implanted into extrauterine locations, leading to symptoms such as chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and infertility [1]. Abdominal wall endometriomas are uncommon phenomena, which have been associated with previous pelvic surgery and cesarean sections. They are thought to occur via direct inoculation of endometrial cells into the abdominal fascia or subcutaneous tissue secondary to surgical intervention [2]. There are only 30 cases of specifically trocar-site endometrioma occurrence previously published in the literature. We report an unusual case of trocar-site endometrioma in a patient with history of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass who presented with umbilical bleeding and no known history of endometriosis.

CASE REPORT

This 43-year-old female initially presented to our Bariatric Surgery office in July 2022 to discuss further weight loss options. She had a past medical history of morbid obesity with body mass index (BMI) of 43, and had previously undergone weight-loss surgery with laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in 2018. She lost 85 pounds initially with reduction in BMI to 30, but then regained weight and plateaued at BMI 38. She was subsequently lost to follow-up and had not seen a surgeon since.

At her clinic visit, she described cyclical bleeding from her umbilicus in direct correspondence with her menstrual cycles. Of note, she denied any previous diagnosis of endometriosis or any other known gynecologic issues, only reporting heavy menses when she was younger. Her only other abdominal surgeries included two caesarian sections in 2003 and 2005. Physical examination demonstrated a small mass deep to the umbilicus without any significant tenderness to palpation.

This history was suspicious for undiagnosed endometriosis with abdominal wall implantation after laparoscopic surgery. Ultrasound of the abdomen (Fig. 1) demonstrated a complex solid and cystic mass measuring 2.5 x 1.4 x 1.4 cm beneath the umbilicus without any vascular flow noted.

Figure 1

Abdominal ultrasound demonstrates a 2.5 x 1.4 x 1.4 cm complex solid and cystic mass at the umbilicus suspicious for trocar-site endometrioma.

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We therefore proceeded with surgical excision of this umbilical mass. The lesion was palpated posterior to the umbilicus in close association with the umbilical stalk, which had to be transected to remove the mass. There were dark-colored implants noted within the lesion, raising our suspicion for possible endometrioma (Fig. 2). The surgical site was thoroughly irrigated to reduce risk of persistent endometrial cells, which might lead to recurrent endometriosis at this location. Pathology confirmed the diagnosis of endometriosis with greater than 10 mm margins.

Figure 2

Surgical resection of umbilical lesion with visualization of dark-colored cystic implants. Pathology confirmed diagnosis of endometriosis.

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DISCUSSION

Trocar-site endometriomas are a specific subset of abdominal wall endometriomas, specifically associated with a prior history of laparoscopic surgery followed by development of a trocar-site lesion. Since the first reported case in 1990 by Denton et al., [3] there have only been a total of 30 published cases of trocar-site endometrioma described within the literature. Differential diagnosis of trocar-site lesions can include suture granuloma, incisional hernia, lipoma, hematoma, abscess, sebaceous cyst, dermoid fibromatosis, soft tissue sarcoma and metastatic lesions [4]. A high index of suspicion should be maintained when treating women who present with cyclic abdominal pain with a trocar-site lesion to prevent misdiagnosis. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be deceptive because the appearance of an endometrial lesion can vary depending on the menstrual cycle phase, proportion of stromal and glandular tissue, and degree of inflammatory response. Ultrasound is the imaging gold standard as it is safe, relatively inexpensive, and can provide sufficient detail to provide indication for operative intervention [4]. Wide local excision with a minimum of 5–10 mm margins is the treatment of choice [5].

Table 1 describes a chronological review of all 30 previous cases of trocar-site endometrioma. Of these patients, only six (20%) did not have any previous known history of endometriosis. Patients were all within menstrual age, ranging from 20 to 44 years old. The most common presenting symptoms was a cyclic painful mass associated with menstrual periods. Types of previous laparoscopic surgical interventions included diagnostic laparoscopy, laparoscopic sterilization, endometrial cyst excision, endometrial implant excision, hysterectomy and ovarian cystectomy with bilateral salpingectomy. Trocar-site endometrioma development occurred as quickly as 4 months and as delayed as 48 months after their initial minimally invasive surgery. The most common location of the endometrioma was at the umbilicus (14), followed by right upper quadrant (7), suprapubic (4), left upper quadrant (3) and left lower quadrant (1). Two (2) cases did not clearly state where the trocar site lesion was located. As part of a larger series focused on abdominal wall endometriomas, Benedetto et al. [6] reported six cases of umbilical trocar-site endometrioma and one case of left lower quadrant trocar-site endometrioma. However, further distinguishing patient characteristics were not included.

Previous authors have theorized that the risk of endometrial seeding and trocar-site endometrioma occurrence can be reduced with the utilization of laparoscopic bag extraction, extensive irrigation of the extraction site and careful suturing [7]. However, as our patient underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, there was no extraction performed. This trocar-site endometrioma may therefore have occurred from the ‘chimney effect’ whereby the trocars are removed prematurely and pneumoperitoneum is forcibly evacuated through the incision sites [8]. The risk of endometrial seeding into the trocar site would likely be reduced by evacuating the pneumoperitoneum with the trocars still in situ. We also concur that patients discovered to have trocar-site endometrioma, particularly without an established diagnosis, should be monitored closely by their gynecologist as concomitant pelvic endometriosis may be present [9].

We present this case to add to the growing body of literature regarding trocar-site endometrioma. This is the only reported case within the bariatric surgical population as this patient underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass as her index laparoscopic operation. There are no other described instances of a patient presenting with cyclic umbilical bleeding as the primary symptom of her endometrioma. She also did not have a known history of endometriosis, similar to only six other patients with published trocar-site endometrioma. Given the rarity of trocar-site endometriomas, further investigation is required to definitively delineate pathophysiology, patient characteristics, risk factors, optimal treatment regimen, post-operative surveillance and prevention strategies.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

FUNDING

None.

References